Ultimate Express & Mongo Reference

This is not a guide on how to use express and mongo, but a useful reference especially for those starting to learn these technologies. This guide will serve as documentation of the basics of all the main functions and patterns in these libraries.

Express

• Installation Command: npm install express
• Importing: const express = require("express")

express()

The express function returns a new application object. The application object has several different functions.

• can register middleware and routes
• can initiate the http listener on a particular port

Typical use

// import express
const express = require("express")
// create an application object
const app = express()
// create new router
const router = express.Router()
// register middleware with the application, (each request will run through each of these one by one)
app.set("view engine", "ejs") // specify the view engine for view rendering
app.use(express.static("public")) // serve a folder called "public" as static
app.use(express.json()) // parse json bodies based on Content-Type header
app.use(express.urlencoded({extended: false})) // parse urlencoded form data
app.use("/", router) // register the router with the application
// register routes with the router
router.get("/path", getHandlerFunction) // invokes function for matching get request
router.post("/path", postHandlerFunction) // invokes function for matching post request
router.put("/path", putHandlerFunction) // invokes function for matching put request
router.delete("/path", deleteHandlerFunction) // invokes function for matching delete request
// Initiate the server listening on a port with a function that runs when server starts listening
app.listen(3000, () => console.log("Listening on Port 3000"))

The Request and Response Objects

When the listener receives a request two objects are generated, Request and Response (req, res) which is passed to each middleware function & route one by one until a response is sent. These request and response objects have several useful properties.

REQUEST

• req.params: an objects with an defined url parameters (defined in router paths using colons… "/:these/:are/:params")
• req.query: an object of any url queries in the request url
• req.headers: an object of all the headers in the request
• req.method: a string detailing the method of the request (“get”, “post”, etc.)
• req.body: object containing the data from the request, must be parsed by middleware that can parse the type of data sent. (express.json for json data, express.urlencoded for form data)

RESPONSE

• res.send(“string”): function for sending a text response, will auto-send arrays and objects as json responses. Will send html strings as html responses.
• res.json({data}): send a json response
• res.render(“template”, {data}): tells view engine to render the specified template in the views folder with the data in the second argument. The resulting HTML file is sent as a response.
• res.set(“header-name”,”header-value”): function for setting a response header
• res.redirect(“/path”): redirect the browser to a different path

Popular 3rd Party Middleware

• npm install cors : middleware for setting cors headers
• npm install method-override: override request methods based on a url query
• npm install morgan: request logging
• npm install express-session: use session cookies with express
• npm install connect-mongo: session cookie store using mongodb

Popular View Engines

• EJS
• Handlebars
• Mustache
• Nunjucks
• Pug
• Marko
• Express-React-Views
• Liquid

Mongoose

ODM (Object Document Mapper/Manager) for Mongo databases. Allows you to connect to mongo databases and create model objects.

• npm install mongoose

Connecting to Mongo

const mongoose = require("mongoose")
// connect to the database, 1st argument the connection string, 2nd argument a configuration object
mongoose.connect(MongoURI, ConfigObject)
//set responses to database events
mongoose.connection
.on("open", () => console.log("connected to mongo"))
.on("close", () => console.log("connected to mongo"))
.on("error", (error) => console.log(error))

Creating a Model Object

const {Schema, model} = require("mongoose")
// create schema
const ModelSchema = new Schema({
    property1: String,
    property2: Number,
    property3: Boolean
}, {timestamps: true})
// create model specifying model/collection name and schema
const Model = model("Model", ModelSchema)

3 Ways to Write Queries with your model with error handling

// Callback Syntax
Model.find({}, (error, data) => {
    if (error){
        console.log(error)
    } else {
        console.log(data)
    }
})

// .then syntax
Model.find({})
.then((data) => console.log(data))
.catch((error) => console.log(error))

// using async/await
const queryFunction = async() => {
    try{
        const data = await Model.find({})
        console.log(data)
    } catch(error){
        console.log(error)
    }
}
queryFunction()

Model Functions

Model.deleteMany()
Model.deleteOne()
Model.find()
Model.findById()
Model.findByIdAndDelete()
Model.findByIdAndRemove()
Model.findByIdAndUpdate()
Model.findOne()
Model.findOneAndDelete()
Model.findOneAndRemove()
Model.findOneAndReplace()
Model.findOneAndUpdate()
Model.replaceOne()
Model.updateMany()
Model.updateOne()

Further Reading

• Express Documentation
• Mongoose Documentation